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Laboratory Tests

This section provides detailed information on a wide range of laboratory tests relevant to women's medicine

A rapid reference

Urine Dipstick


A clean urine specimen can be evaluated for the presence of:

  • Color
  • Character
  • Leukocytes
  • nitrite
  • Urobilinogen
  • Protein
  • pH
  • Blood
  • Specific Gravity
  • Ketones
  • Bilirubin
  • Glucose

Normal Values*

Color Pale yellow to amber
Turbidity  Clear to slightly hazy
Specific Gravity 1.015 to 1.025
pH 4.5-8.0
Glucose Negative
Ketones Negative
Blood Negative
Protein Negative
Bilirubin Negative
Urobilinogen 0.1-1.0
Nitrate for bacteria Negative
Leukocyte esterase Negative
Casts Negative
Red blood cells Negative
Crystals Negative
White blood cells Negative/Rare
Epithelial cells Few

*These are general values taken from a variety of sources. The actual normal values may vary from lab to lab and from one type of testing protocol to another.

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Source: Operational Medicine 2001,  Health Care in Military Settings, NAVMED P-5139, May 1, 2001, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Department of the Navy, 2300 E Street NW, Washington, D.C., 20372-5300